What is the correct definition of a gl7ii (chjd j2y;3, ettg0u4caene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within 42g-xmdp ,q- n uet9nqa population?

  Which of the following identifies l8z(cwy4wu l cyy.l;( a similarity and difference between natural selectcw4 y((zyc. 8 wlyul;lion and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels r,rq0 -6 wh lcq4tls3nrise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) liq3,rllsn w q4-h6trc0ves on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can behzba49ie+ byw 3qvc*50q b0iv used to support the theory of v0 35 i*eqb bqich0vaz +bwy49evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selg qakn/pnx:n)87 6daiection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuaa v 3e0svr9j yn4nh4:ated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masa t mf+sef*y( tb3,nqj- yd,v5pi giraffes (G. tippelskirchi)-yynfbsm dt , t5*p (3eq+jf,v and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resista eu0sbm1 wj:fgtd5n(;nce?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as d o70wiim,8t6vn78b5 rix-x dlik7;uffudt-an example when discussing industrial melanix-v8fmlid5-wk ui7 ud 78iif ;b60,nord7txtsm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence forit2,) sd+1lc ub9cjqy 5dsya5cn )c8x evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency o1,pd jm;5xjbaqs0a34 vpf2k8x+f ie jf finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequee0v,k1bpj ;2+fa xaj384 d p5fm xisqjncy of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possiblkf/:9, 3h ty5ny fpjtse causes of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective brem 8x0-clh2qcz gsl4 ecg.5v3geding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with diffn+3 t na,qkhb*); jyvoerent antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic r) ho+;,nkv bqat3*yn jesistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia isgsbf.) gb:o- 6 c**xf pb+ooal a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows thblapf 6gg-*b+ b*:.so o)oxfce proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the numberbaw53 :. p m3gw9cqtsu of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explm5:3q w3tupcw. g bas9ain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters or)73s; ;jgs cwrzh0zblend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend bez;w szj0;hcr3so7g )rtter into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structzo b+( z waz+-(amsqx:ure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb sho(ktlg4d8n1g /0f1 t0 pczdlnlwn below, which one is likely to be analogous/pgl0dn d1g lt1f 0t(cz84 knl?

  Which are examples of directional seld 8.g zcr+b8 jy ;gulu: b umk*ocq7lw2u8km-1ection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example o8dhmf*a9ik oj o1; rh7f natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often 69ongu d 2q3fbfound near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the legfo36nd q 29ubaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from 7iy/,kbd6ihe flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to c) jwi1/sr2fasyo 3:,3yll rfherbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. a,s1jf/l)3r2os ryw i 3 cy:lfHow could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of fikfdf./ (ttzeaj i2 6m:cv 7/h8xx4dheatures in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a)v2ef x ti:dhf k7zxj/6c4ta d/h(8im. to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varz 3u6jv l)tu-vla:5 kdiation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of armo(b5 jfn :1approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and arefjorm bn: 51(a found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is notq 5qm(r+tavlk80u72ux 4 d. wl0qfmwu an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations ca;/yo3eyo7yakutz3 xv.+uw/ rn result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term us(.+n*qif*j rmjjaup,l p3 q7o 1 :emzged to describe adaptations. Which of the following bgqpz (ulpa*.jnmf r7 q13 i,+e:m*jo jest describes the term evolutionary fitness?