IB Psychology HL Sociocultural Approaches to Human Behaviour

1#

第 1 题组 (共 14 题 14 分)

According to Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following is not a cognicyu.:oe s yya:wvpl 7g m12n3aib3l35tive factor involved in learning3u5 yl :a :yp712olmcng3.abv3 ws eiy from a model?

A. Attention

B. Arousal

C. Motivation

D. Potential

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2#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes ps)z :di)p m0 n 06uqpwz 2r;3ioolqv/stereotypes?

A. Prejudices toward a group or person

B. Positive or negative generalizations about a group

C. Harmful beliefs about a group

D. Outdated cultural values

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3#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following best describes the Soc2lh+d /nfq2i9fg+ cd y ik.vf(ial Identity Theory?

A. It is a theory that seeks to explain how we learn behaviour from models

B. It is a theory that explains how individuals develop their identities

C. It is a model of what happens when groups interact with each other

D. It is a theory that explores how individuals define themselves based on group memberships

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4#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does Social Cognitive Theor3)yfa,g o8zgzmd2 wcs4 w9px,y successfully explain?

A. Lengthy-time delays between when a behavior is modeled and when a behavior is shown

B. Why some people never learn modeled behaviors, even if all of the conditions are met

C. Why people are able to demonstrate behaviors they’ve never practiced

D. Individual differences in learning speed for a modeled behavior

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5#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following whj3 q k) -(lqv2sspo6is the most fundamental concept within Social Identity Theovso-ks 3 6w2l )qqhj(pry?

A. Salience

B. Positive distinctiveness

C. Categorization

D. Social Comparison

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6#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes how illusory correlations canvyr- l41v2nfzo;3 fwb lead to stereotypes?

A. People falsely see relationships between groups and traits or behaviors

B. Individuals form a judgment of a group based on one interaction with another individual

C. People seek out information that confirms a pre-existing belief

D. We perceive all members of an out-group as similar

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7#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which mechanism of Social Identity Theorufr4f ,xu9 uu/y is most closely related to positive distinctif,4f/uxu9ru u veness?

A. Identification

B. Social comparison

C. Categorization

D. Salience

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8#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following yv9ab d8a7 r khmv7wy5jqmmr4(vd2+ )is true of social groups?

A. They are usually formed during childhood

B. Social groups must be homogenous in most identities

C. They can be based on arbitrary similarities

D. Social groups do not matter as much as cultural groups

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9#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforc/7beu 7inbb 4mement?

A. A teacher shows students how to draw a butterfly, and the students try on their own.

B. An employee is praised for high sales in a weekly meeting, and they continue performing well.

C. A toddler is put in time out for pushing a playmate. They do not push anyone again.

D. A person sees a celebrity receive praise for donating to charity, and so they do the same.

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10#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is an agent for secondary socizkix;x4kp:s m2k*r - wys 53vpalisation?

A. Community

B. Parents

C. Siblings

D. Second-degree relatives

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11#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

In social cognitive theory, the sfpd7;m.c9;htq ) 96xtjlo ldreproduction of a task is affected by

A. Motivation

B. Reward

C. Self-efficacy

D. Punishment

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12#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is not an assumption of the sociocultural abvf2sr26 oq4 jrwksx/.: fn x:pproach?

A. People are cognitive misers.

B. Humans engage in both automatic and controlled thinking.

C. Self-esteem guides human behaviour.

D. People only learn through reinforcement.

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13#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following describes primin6*9*bxt whcfz.9wi7 qd3tp( a ml/zgabmg8-xg?

A. It is the ease with which one can use their schema because the memories have been retrieved recently.

B. It is the process by which recent personal experience increases the accessibility of a schema.

C. It refers to when two variables are seen as related when they are not.

D. It refers to when individuals hold two conflicting thoughts.

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14#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/14) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

A job applicant believes she will mess up her job interview, so she iq- 3uit)/vkt9)e2fy3z7xgsm 1x tt mcs anxious and stumbles over her words during the inte29)tskqe gc-y zm)ftt/ xivxm1 733utrview, which eventually leads to her not getting the job. This is an example of

A. Grain of truth hypothesis

B. Illusory correlation

C. Self-fulfilling prophecy

D. Stereotype threat

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15#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 2 题组 (共 15 题 15 分)

Which choice correctly outlines one cultuwk(gx4lx /kcdup -k h1;3pi 4qral dimension?

A. Masculinity vs femininity: describes a culture’s tendency to respect hierarchy

B. Uncertainty avoidance index: describes a culture’s focus on the future

C. Long-term vs short-term orientation: describes a culture’s willingness to have fun and live in the moment

D. Individualism vs collectivism: describes a culture’s emphasis on group membership

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16#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which describes a cultural grouh1w3jjhy 0djskc7* x:p?

A. Fans of a specific sports team

B. Members of an indigenous or native group

C. Members of a sorority or fraternity

D. Students in a university degree program

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17#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not accurately describe culture ;4swe,,8eqcclgzbbq0/4 khc ?

A. Includes attitudes, beliefs, and values shared by a group

B. Has rules, norms, and values that may change over time

C. A set of unchanging norms and rules for a group

D. Involves customs around food, music, social rituals, and so on

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18#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best describes what cultural dimensions a :qi67jlz7 lt8mha5vvre?

A. Ratings of a culture

B. Explanations of the key differences within given cultures or nationalities

C. Comparisons along key traits across various cultures/nationalities

D. Descriptions of the key changes since a culture came into existence

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19#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following is a limitation of research done on culture and ina4++ k1-mbe psmwrkk-terpersonal s bm+ek41ramp-w-k+k relationships?

A. The research uses self-report questionnaires

B. The research leads to leading question bias

C. There is evidence of researcher bias

D. Case-to-case generalisation is low

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20#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of these outlines one effect of cul2a okk(9+nl buc*jv z-ture on behavior or cognition?

A. Having a high long-term orientation leads to increased saving behaviors

B. Participants demonstrate higher conformity when told they are a member of an in-group

C. People often seek information to support their already-held beliefs about other groups

D. Children are more likely to imitate a model if they are of the same gender

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21#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best explains the ecoz.x9 ,(n60fdfxgqp v mlogical fallacy?

A. A conclusion is reached by assuming all individuals in a group show the same characteristics of the group itself

B. The study’s generalizability is limited because of the sampling used for the study

C. It is the same as a stereotype

D. The study’s generalizability is limited because of the setting of the study

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22#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What does the OCEAN model,l zkiuye9 l :bx6w7c: stand for?

A. Openness, conscientiousness, empathetic, agreeableness, neuroticism

B. Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

C. Openness, communication, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

D. Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, affectionate, nourishing

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23#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

The process of studying cult+a pfmfa h;f ykh rpr+,2t5j6. aje4l7ures from an outside perspective looking in is knownlr k+4,h;y6pjaph5mffaf27 eraj.t + as

A. Etic approach

B. Emic approach

C. Cultural syndrome

D. Culture of honour

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24#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of collectivist cultd2hhj tt.8.hb ures?

A. Primarily focused on the success of one's immediate family

B. Conformity to the decisions made by one's group

C. Personal sacrifices made to ensure that the group succeeds

D. Cooperating with others is valued

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25#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内11/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which cultural dimension best reflects a company that allows employees to ss rk1q*f,(d cj656b l;uq lnx: z6atfxubmit proposals for new strategic developments as decision-making takes place after a lk1afx 6d6c*qq5ns r:lxj ;( t,z6buf great deal of collaboration between relevant departments?

A. High power distance

B. Low power distance

C. High masculinity

D. Low masculinity

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26#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内12/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What research method was used in Hofstede’s study investigas s+ lwa 0 *me9rr;m-wm47:6dijongxe21q d rkting cultural differen 1ski 0nr*meq:x-ljd2sm4r wm7 rao 6+ e9dw;gces?

A. Laboratory experiment

B. Correlational study

C. Case study

D. Survey

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27#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内13/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

One criticism of Hofstede's study on cultural dimensions is that cup+u:tx257 )swja: ea9fexmzm ltural stereotyping may have been encouraged. Why might this be t5met:jsxf )uz 2ema7 :wapx+9he case?

A. Hofstede only surveyed IBM employees, who may not be representative of everyone in their culture.

B. Cultural dimensions do not take into account individual differences between people in a given country.

C. Cultural dimensions do not convey the complexity of a country's history, religion, and belief system.

D. It is unclear if there are other cultural dimensions that are yet to be discovered

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28#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内14/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which statement below best describes the findings of Chen'dte3a0 fj.)oa2y;fvv+w;xo8 v0 r yljs study?

A. Participants shown a picture of Chinese lanterns tended to pay for immediate shipping.

B. Participants shown a picture of NYC's skyline tended to pay for immediate shipping.

C. Singaporeans tended to pay for immediate shipping.

D. Americans tended to pay for immediate shipping.

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29#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内15/15) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following explains verticals5 ;t6 u;xzwsxe(vdxh)zm0q0 collectivism?

A. Members show outgroup discrimination.

B. Members merge with the ingroup and submit to an authority in that ingroup.

C. Members are unique/on their own and mainly of the same status.

D. Members merge with the ingroup and almost have the same status.

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30#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 3 题组 (共 10 题 10 分)

Which best outlines enculturatvlaqp+5qj- naf*u.;xion?

A. It is the process of adapting to a new culture

B. The acquisition of the values and norms of a primary culture

C. It is a theory that describes our ability to learn through vicarious reinforcement

D. A model which describes how we become similar to our parents

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31#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

What is acculturative stresaj+iw5jf/0v-0nf1cxrm 8+k ajjgi :b s?

A. Difficulty in acquiring a primary culture

B. Negative effects associated with adjusting to a new culture

C. Illness that occurs when one is unable to integrate into a new culture

D. The process of gaining protective factors during acculturation

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32#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which term describes the method of enculturatio z h jxvz72jl6q6hd(t 42omgd4n in which learners receive reinforcement or consequences from adults within their7zqd x4modt(62 gh6 l z4j2jvh culture?

A. Direct tuition

B. Vertical transmission

C. Acculturation

D. Social Cognitive Theory

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33#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内4/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which is not an acculturative strategy outlined in Berry's accultura7p8it0cb.-p ihp dst(k+n - eation model?

A. Integration

B. Marginalization

C. Acclimation

D. Separation

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34#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内5/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which choice does not outline afllwxo;p(4( y protective factor?

A. Sharing similar values as family members

B. Proficiency in languages associated with both the new and original cultures

C. Job satisfaction and economic opportunities.

D. Preference for speaking English only

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35#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内6/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following does not describe cultural norms?5a sbj 8-),ckguyyn:mfb -.hm

A. Cultural norms are passed down from one generation to another.

B. An individual may learn cultural norms from media, such as through watching television.

C. If someone does not follow cultural norms consistently, they are not considered a part of that culture.

D. Cultural norms describe values and rules within a given cultural group.

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36#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内7/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

According to Berry's Acculturation model, which choice explains the accul1b747oy.swat7kr6l0mr ns hmj6 6 toxturation stt7x 16 4r0oswhkrl soab.ymt7nm66j 7rategy of assimilation?

A. Positive relationship with new culture; low importance on maintaining original culture

B. No relationship with new culture; high importance on maintaining original culture

C. No relationship with new culture; low importance on maintaining original culture

D. Positive relationship with new culture; high importance on maintaining original culture

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37#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内8/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not describe enculturation?l 82vuc b)w 9bv8qyd8y

A. It is always a conscious process

B. It is only related to one’s primary culture

C. It involves the passage of norms, values, and knowledge

D. It can be influenced by people other than caregivers or parents

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38#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内9/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following correctly def8c vtgp)5swq;0 5qpo kines the gatekeeper theory?

A. It is the cross-cultural study and analysis of cultural norms.

B. The process of passing attitudes, and cultural norms from one generation to another.

C. It is the unique set of attitudes, beliefs and behaviour specific to some culture.

D. It is a psychology and communication theory related to who controls access to information and ideas in a social group.

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39#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内10/10) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which of the following correctly describes the negative accult1+elz g3-lim turation effect?

A. When individuals have a negative attitude towards the new culture.

B. When individuals have little interest in maintaining their original culture.

C. Refers to the concept that recent migrants are healthier than their native-born counterparts.

D. Refers to the diminishing difference between migrants and their native-born counterparts over time.

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40#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内1/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

第 4 题组 (共 3 题 3 分)

Berry's acculturation model suggests that marginalization may be the result of nz63d)gaiot 69i ym1j which co 9di6m1g6yjn 3i)t zaombination of relationships to local and global cultures?

A. Positive towards both local and global cultures

B. Negative towards both local and global cultures

C. Positive toward local, negative toward global culture

D. Negative toward local, positive toward global culture

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41#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内2/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which does not describe globalija lyayk(*8i tdb/x rl1/9nn-zation?

A. Values promoted by globalization include individualism, tolerance, and freedom of choice

B. The internet, international travel, and open trade policies contribute to globalization

C. Globalization is equally shaped by all cultures around the world

D. Globalization can have both positive and negative impacts on individuals

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42#

单选题 ( 1.0 分) (组内3/3) 切至整卷模式搜藏此题

Which best explains one limitation of research on glob :faf4; qx:nrnr;2yhyalisation and human behaviourr ;:nf 4xyr2yaq;: nfh?

A. The construct of globalisation is difficult to operationalise, making it hard to measure precisely.

B. Many studies have high internal validity, but this is reached by excessive controls that reduce external validity.

C. Cross-sectional research on globalisation is common, so studies often lose participants over time.

D. Globalisation research is never generalisable when data is collected within a cultural group.

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